Fruitarianism is the practice endorsed by people called fruitarians or fructarians of following a diet that comprises fruits, nuts and seeds, without animal products, vegetables and grains.^[1] Fruitarianism is a subset of veganism Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the.

Some people whose diet consists of 75% or more fruit consider themselves fruitarians.^[2]

Definitions

Fruitarian definition of fruit

Commonly the term "fruit The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, juniper berries and bananas, or the similar-looking structures in other" is used when referring to plant fruits that are sweet, fleshy and contain seeds within the plant fruit (for example, plums A plum or gage is a stone fruit tree in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. The subgenus is distinguished from other subgenera in the shoots having a terminal bud and the side buds solitary (not clustered), the flowers in groups of one to five together on short stems, and the fruit having a groove running down one side and a smooth stone (or pit), apples The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family and is a perennial. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans, and oranges An orange—specifically, the sweet orange—is the citrus Citrus ×​sinensis and its fruit. The orange is a hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata).[citation needed] It is a small flowering tree growing to about 10 m tall with evergreen leaves, which are arranged alternately,). However, there are other foods that are not typically considered to be fruits in a culinary sense but are botanically, such as berries The botanical definition of a berry is a fleshy fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape. The seeds are usually embedded in the flesh of the ovary. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous. Many species of plants produce fruit that are similar to berries but not actually berries, and these are said to be baccate, bell peppers Bell pepper or sweet pepper is a cultivar group of the species Capsicum annuum . Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow and orange. The fruit is also frequently consumed in its unripe form, when the fruit is still green. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent pepper varieties as "sweet, eggplant The eggplant, aubergine, melongene or brinjal is a plant of the family Solanaceae (also known as the nightshades) and genus Solanum. It bears a fruit of the same name, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking. As a nightshade, it is closely related to the tomato and potato and is native to Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, tomatoes The tomato is a savory, typically red, edible fruit, as well as the plant which bears it. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates, cucumbers The cucumber is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same genus as the muskmelon, nuts Nut is a hard shelled fruit of some plants that has an indehiscent seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife and grains Cereals, grains, or cereal grains are grasses cultivated for the edible components of their fruit seeds (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis): the endocarp, germ, and bran. Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they are therefore staple crops. In their natural.^[3]

Fruitarians use differing definitions of what is considered a "fruit." For example, Herbert M. Shelton, a founder of Orthopathy, included non-fleshy fruits, such as nuts Nut is a hard shelled fruit of some plants that has an indehiscent seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife, within the definition of fruit.^[4]

Definition of fruitarian

Some fruitarians will eat only what falls (or would fall) naturally from a plant; that is: foods that can be harvested without killing the plant.^[5][6][7] These foods consist primarily of culinary fruits, nuts, and seeds A seed ( /ˈsiːd/ ) is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed.^[8] According to author Adam Gollner, some fruitarians eat only fallen fruit.^[9] Some do not eat grains, believing it is unnatural to do so,^[10] and some fruitarians feel that it is improper for humans to eat seeds^[11] as they contain future plants,^[9] or nuts and seeds,^[12] or any foods besides juicy fruits.^[13] Others believe they should eat only plants that spread seeds when the plant is eaten.^[14] Others eat seeds and some cooked foods.^[15] Some fruitarians use the botanical definitions of fruits and consume pulses A pulse is an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape, and color within a pod. Pulses are used for food and animal feed. The term "pulse", as used by the Food and Agricultural Organization , is reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry grain. This excludes green beans and green, such as many beans Bean is a common name for large plant seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae used for human food or animal feed and peas A pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the legume Pisum sativum. Each pod contains several peas. Peapods are botanically a fruit, since they contain seeds developed from the ovary of a flower. However, peas are considered to be a vegetable in cooking. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the^[16] or legumes A legume in botanical writing is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few other fruit types,, or pulses A pulse is an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve seeds of variable size, shape, and color within a pod. Pulses are used for food and animal feed. The term "pulse", as used by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and green peas, and legumes A legume in botanical writing is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces (opens along a seam) on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few other fruit types,. Still further definitions include raw fruits, dried fruits, nuts, honey and olive oil,^[17] or fruits, nuts, beans and chocolate ^[18]

Motivation

Some fruitarians believe fruitarianism was the original diet of humankind in the form of Adam and Eve Adam and Eve (Hebrew: חַוָּה‎, Ḥawwā, "living one"; Arabic: حواء‎, Ḥawwāʼ) were, according to the Book of Genesis of the Bible, the first man and woman created by God based on Genesis The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Hebrew Bible, and the first of five books of the Torah, called the Pentateuch in the Christian Old Testament 1:29.^[15] They believe that a return to an Eden The Garden of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis as being the place where the first man, Adam, and his wife, Eve, lived after they were created by God. Literally, the Bible speaks about a garden in Eden (Gen. 2:8). This garden forms part of the Genesis creation narrative and theodicy of the Abrahamic religions, often being used to explain-like paradise Paradise is a place in which existence is positive, harmonious and timeless. It is conceptually a counter-image of the miseries of human civilization, and in paradise there is only peace, prosperity, and happiness. Paradise is a place of contentment, but it is not necessarily a land of luxury and idleness. It is often used in the same context as will require simple living Simple living is a lifestyle characterized by consuming only that which is required to sustain life. Adherents may choose simple living for a variety of personal reasons, such as spirituality, health, increase in 'quality time' for family and friends, reducing their personal ecological footprint, stress reduction, personal taste or frugality. E. F and a holistic Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave approach to health and diet.^[19] Some fruitarians wish, like Jains Jainism is an ancient religion of India that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice emphasize the necessity of self-effort to progress the soul towards divine consciousness and liberation. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called Jina (, to avoid killing anything, including plants,^[15] and refer to Ahimsa Ahimsa is a term meaning to do no harm (literally: the avoidance of violence - himsa). It is an important tenet of the Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism and especially Jainism). Ahimsa is a rule of conduct that bars the killing or injuring of living beings. It is closely connected with the notion that all kinds of violence entail negative fruitarianism.^[20] Some fruitarians say that eating some types of fruit does the parent plant a favor and that fleshy fruit has evolved to be eaten by animals, to achieve seed dispersal Biological dispersal refers to a species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism. Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population genetics, and species distribution. Understanding.^[14]

Scientific studies

Dental studies

In 1979, Professor Alan Walker, a Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Johns Hopkins, JHU, or simply Hopkins, is a private research university located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Johns Hopkins also maintains full-time campuses elsewhere in Maryland, Washington, D.C., Italy, China, and Singapore. Johns Hopkins University is particularly famous for its world- paleoanthropologist reported that preliminary studies of unmarked tooth enamel in early hominoids suggested that pre-human ancestors apparently had a diet of mostly fruit. Walker said, "I don't want to make too much of this yet. But it is quite a surprise."^[21]

Clinical studies

In 1971, a short-term study by B. J. Meyer was published in the South Africa Medical Journal ^[22] describing how lipid profiles and glucose tolerances improved on a particular fruitarian diet.^[23] An earlier 1971 study by Meyer tested a 45 year old teacher who claimed she had eaten only fruits for the past 12 years, who was found to be in "excellent health".^[24] In a further trial in the study, body weights of overweight subjects showed a tendency to "level off" at the "'theoretically ideal' weight".^[25]

Nutritional concerns

Nutritional deficiencies

As a very extreme vegan Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the diet, fruitarianism is highly restrictive, making nutritional adequacy almost impossible.^[26] The Health Promotion Program at Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, and is the 5th oldest in the United States making it one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Columbia's reports that a fruitarian diet can cause deficiencies in calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride,, protein Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded, iron Iron is the most common element in the earth as a whole, and the fourth most common in the Earth's crust. It is produced as a result of stellar fusion in high-mass stars, and it is the heaviest stable element produced by stellar fusion because the fusion of iron is the last nuclear fusion reaction that is exothermic. Iron is the most widely used, zinc Zinc , also known as spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the, vitamin D Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids, the two major physiologically relevant forms of which are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. Vitamin D3 is produced in the skin of vertebrates after exposure to ultraviolet B light from the sun or artificial sources, and, most B vitamins The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. The B vitamins were once thought to be a single vitamin, referred to as vitamin B . Later research showed that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, supplements containing all eight are referred to as a (especially B₁₂ Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and), and essential fatty acids Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet for good health because they cannot be constructed within an organism from other components. The term refers to fatty acids required for biological processes, and not those which may just play a role as fuel. Additionally, the Health Promotion Program at Columbia reports that food restrictions in general may lead to hunger There were 923 million malnourished people in the world in 2007, an increase of 80 million since 1990. The FAO purports that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone — 6 billion people — and could feed double — 12 billion people, cravings, food obsessions, social disruptions Social disruption is a term used in sociology to describe the alteration or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. For example, the closing of a community grocery store might cause social disruption in a community by removing a "meeting ground" for community members to develop interpersonal relationships and community and social isolation Social isolation is the pervasive withdrawal or avoidance of social contact or communication. It can contribute toward, or be the result of, many emotional, behavioural and physical disorders including anxiety, panic attacks, eating disorders, addictions, substance abuse, violence and overall disease.^[27]

Vitamin B₁₂

Vitamin B₁₂ Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and, a bacterial product, is not found in any fruits. According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health The National Institutes of Health is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It consists of 27 separate institutes and centers which includes the Office of the Director. Francis S. Collins is the current "natural food sources of vitamin B₁₂ are limited to foods that come from animals."^[28] Like raw vegans Raw veganism is a diet which combines veganism and raw foodism. It excludes all food of animal origin, and all food cooked above 48 degrees Celsius . A raw vegan diet includes raw vegetables and fruits, nuts and nut pastes, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, plant oils, sea vegetables, herbs, and fresh juices. There are many different versions of who do not consume B₁₂-fortified foods (certain plant milks and breakfast cereals, for example), fruitarians may need to include a B12 supplement in their diet or risk vitamin B₁₂ deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency is a reduction in vitamin B12 from inadequate dietary intake or impaired absorption. The condition is commonly asymptomatic, but can also present as anemia characterized by enlarged blood corpuscles with characteristic changes in neutrophils, known as megaloblastic anemia.

Growth & development issues

In children, growth and development are at risk. Nutritional problems include severe protein energy malnutrition, anaemia and a wide range of vitamin and mineral deficiencies.^[29] Several children have died as the result of being fed fruitarian diets.^[30][31][32] As a result, children have been taken from parents feeding them fruitarian diets.^[33]

Lifestyle difficulties

Lack of protein in fleshy fruit can make the lifestyle difficult to sustain, and can lead to the condition of hypoproteinemia One common cause is due to excess protein in the urine , which can be a medical sign of nephrotic syndrome or kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor is an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates. The presence of edema caused by poor nutrition defines kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor was thought to be caused by insufficient protein consumption but with sufficient.^[34] However nuts Nut is a hard shelled fruit of some plants that has an indehiscent seed. While a wide variety of dried seeds and fruits are called nuts in English, only a certain number of them are considered by biologists to be true nuts. Nuts are an important source of nutrients for both humans and wildlife and legumes, if included, are good sources of protein. Due to the lower digestibility of plant proteins, the American Dietetic Association (ADA) states "protein needs might be higher than the RDA (when) dietary protein sources are mainly those that are less well digested, such as some cereals and legumes."^[35]

Advocates

Some notable advocates of fruitarianism, diets which may be considered fruitarian or lifestyles that, in part, included an all fruit diet have included August Engelhardt,^[36] Arnold Ehret,^[37] Raymond W. Bernard,^[38] and Anne Osborne.^[39][40] Essie Honiball^[41][42] also adhered to a fruitarian diet for some time. Others such as Ross Horne^[43] and Viktoras Kulvinskas^[44] appeared to only describe the fruitarian diet.^[45] Some, like Johnny Lovewisdom, experimented with different diets, including juicy fruitarianism,^[46] liquidarianism (juices only),^[47] vitarianism (fruit, vegetables, raw dairy)^[48] and breatharianism.^[49] Others like author Morris Krok,^[50] allegedly recommended against the diet once they stopped,^[51] with dietary practices of fruitarians being as varied as definitions of the term 'fruitarianism'. Diet author, Joe Alexander lived for 56 days on juicy fruits.^[52]

Famous fruitarians

Historical figures

• Mohandas Gandhi political and spiritual leader sustained a fruitarian diet for 5 years.^[53] He apparently discontinued the diet due to pleurisy, a pre-existing condition, after pressure from a Dr. Jivraj Mehta.^[54][55]
• Ben Klassen, white supremacist, founder of the Creativity Movement,^[56] and author of The White Man’s Bible, advocated a fruitarian diet to include fruits, vegetables and nuts.^[57]
• Sri Yukteswar Giri, in The Holy Science, the spiritual leader advocated a fruitarian diet, though his publishers later added a note that the diet he advocated included vegetables, nuts and grains.^[58]
• Idi Amin, the Ugandan military dictator, became a fruitarian in Saudi Arabia during retirement.^[59]

Fictional

• Ayesha ("She-who-must-be-obeyed") of H. Rider Haggard's She and its sequels.
• The Eloi from HG Wells's The Time Machine.
• The evil Medusa Johnson in Leonard Part 6.
• Keziah in Notting Hill. Emma Bernard's character, Keziah, however, claims that fruitarians only eat fruit that has fallen from the tree or bush.^[60]
• In the film K-PAX, protagonist Prot (portrayed by Kevin Spacey), a supposed interstellar being inhabiting a human's body, is a fruitarian.

See also

• Raw foodism
• Raw veganism
• Veganism
• List of culinary fruits

References

1. ^ Houghton Mifflin Company, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2009.
2. ^ "Living and Raw Foods: Types of Raw Food Diets: A Brief Survey". http://www.living-foods.com/articles/typesofraw.html.
3. ^ "definition of fruit". http://www.cite-sciences.fr/lexique/definition1.php?idmot=412&rech_lettre=f&num_page=14&habillage=standard&lang=an&id_expo=25&id_habillage=36.
4. ^ "definition of fruit". http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/the-human-dietetic-character-part-ii/proteins-in-the-fruitarian-diet.html.
5. ^ Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, Rod Preece, UBC Press, 2008 "Since plants have life, it is necessary, if one is not to starve, to live from the fruit of the plant in such a manner that the host plant itself does not die."
6. ^ Nutrition for the recreational athlete, Catherine G. Ratzin Jackson, page 95, “The fruitarian diet usually consists of consuming those parts of the plant that are cast off or dropped from the plant and that do not involve the destruction of the plant itself.”, 249 page, Publisher CRC Press, 1995, ISBN 0849379148, 9780849379147
7. ^ Handbook Of Pediatric Nutrition, Patricia Samour, “A fruitarian diet consists of only fruits. Any plant food that is botanically a fruit or can be obtained without killing or harming the plant is considered a fruit.", Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2003, page 143.
8. ^ "The Vegetarian Society UK — Information Sheet — Definitions". http://www.vegsoc.org/info/definitions.html.
9. ^ ^{a b} 'The Fruit Hunters, Adam Leith Gollne, "Some factions eat only fallen fruit. Others refuse to eat any seeds because they contain future plants."
10. ^ "Human Dietetic Character, I — Are We Grain Eaters?". http://www.rawfoodexplained.com/the-human-dietetic-character-part-i/are-we-grain-eaters.html.
11. ^ "To Those Considering A Fruitarian Diet". http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/open-lett/open-letter-f-1a.shtml.
12. ^ The Ascensional Science of Spiritualizing Fruitarian Dietetics, Dr Johnny Lovewisdom, Ecuador: International University of the Natural Vitalogical Sciences, 1999, Introduction: "Nature is betrayed when man ingests the seeds of plants, depriving them of their means of propogating their own species"; chapter: Sugar & Starch-Friends Or Foes? "grains, nuts and other seeds are wrong as food sources"
13. ^ "Ascensional Science teaches the damaging effects of chlorophyll leafage, earthly roots and lower passion producing seeds. We are healed by levitational forces in fruit sugars and acids." Introduction to Ascensional Science of Spiritualizing Fruitarian Dietetics, Johnny Lovewisdom, International University of the Natural Vitalogical Sciences, 1999
14. ^ ^{a b} Living and Raw Foods: Alternative Eating Plans - USA TODAY
15. ^ ^{a b c} What is a Fruitarian?
16. ^ "Fruitarian — What is Fruitarianism?". http://www.fruitarian.com/ao/WhatIsFruitarianism.htm.
17. ^ Food, nutrition, and diet therapy: a textbook of nutritional care, Marie V. Krause, "The fruitarian diet consists of only raw or dried fruits, nuts, honey and olive oil." page 343, Publisher: Saunders, 1984, Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Aug 19, 2008, ISBN 0721655149, 9780721655147
18. ^ Handbook of Sunfood Living: Resource Guide for Global Health, John McCabe, North Atlantic Books, 2008, "other fruitarians also consumer cucumbers, olives, tomatoes, peppers, squash, beans, melon, avocadoes, berries, grapes, figs, dates, carob, chocolate, goji berries, nuts and even coconuts."
19. ^ "Satya June/July 03: Raw History by Rynn Berry". http://www.satyamag.com/june03/berry.html.
20. ^ "ahim-sa" - "the Hindu and Buddhist doctrine of refraining from harming any living being", Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ahimsa
21. ^ Rensberger, Boyce (15 May 1979). "Teeth Show Fruit Was The Staple; No Exceptions Found". Science Times section (New York Times): p. C1. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30813FB3F5D12728DDDAC0994DD405B898BF1D3&scp=1&sq=Teeth+Show+Fruit+Was+The+Staple&st=p. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
22. ^ "The South African Medical Journal is published by the South African Medical Association, which represents most medical professionals in South Africa.", African Journals Online, http://ajol.info/index.php/samj
23. ^ B. J. Meyer; E. J. P. de Bruin, D. G. du Plessis, M. van der Merwe, Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria and Atomic Energy Board, and A. C. Meyer, Medical Research Council, Pretoria (1971-03-06). "Some biochemical effects on a mainly fruit diet in man". South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde (South African Medical Journal) 45(10) (10): 253–61. PMID 5573330. http://196.33.159.102/1971%20VOL%20XLV%20Jan-Jun/Articles/03%20March/1.3%20SOME%20BIOCHEMICAL%20EFFECTS%20OF%20A%20MAINLY%20FRUIT%20DIET%20IN%20MAN,%20B.J.Meyer,%20.E.J.F.%20de%20Bruin,%20D.G.%20du%20.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "The effect of a nut-supplemented fruit diet on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, plasma proteins and plasma lipids was investigated. The results suggest that, at least for the period covered by the experiment and under the prevailing conditions, the diet was adequate with respect to the parameters investigated, and may even have something to commend it."
24. ^ "Some physiological effects of a mainly fruit diet in man." Meyer BJ et al. South African Medical Journal (Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese Tydskrif), 1971 Feb 20; vol. 45, pp. 191-5. "Our interest in this matter was aroused when a lady of 45 years of age consulted us and claimed that she had subsisted entirely on a fruit diet for the past 12 years.", "These tests confirmed that the subject was in excellent health."
25. ^ "Some physiological effects of a mainly fruit diet in man." Meyer BJ et al. South African Medical Journal (Suid-Afrikaanse Mediese Tydskrif), 1971 Feb 20; vol. 45, pp. 191-5. "An interesting aspect of the diet was the tendency for the weights to level off more or less at the 'theoretically ideal' weight for the subject."
26. ^ Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, Audrey H. Ensminger, CRC Press, 1993, "Severely restrictive vegetarian diets, such as fruitarian and Zen macrobiotic diets, increase the risk of malnutrition and deficiency diseases."
27. ^ Alice!, Health Promotion Program at Columbia University, Health Services at Columbia, August 23, 2002."Go Ask Alice!: Fruitarian teens". Accessed May 20, 2008.
28. ^ "Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B₁₂". National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12.asp. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
29. ^ Holden, Chris, et al, Royal College of Nursing. Nutrition and Child Health, p. 59. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2000. ISBN 070202421X, 9780702024214.
30. ^ Gollner, Adam Leith. The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession, pp. 99-101. Simon and Schuster, 2008. ISBN 074329694X, 9780743296946.
31. ^ National Council Against Health Fraud. NCAHF Newsletter, 1 November 2001. "Stubborn parents spared prison in fruitarian infant death." Accessed 16 May 2009.
32. ^ "Baby death parents spared jail" BBC News 2001-09-14
33. ^ Mantle, Fiona and Anne Casey. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2004, Complementary and alternative medicine for child and adolescent care. ISBN 075065175X, 9780750651752.
34. ^ Sanders, T. A., British Medical Journal, 10 March 1979; 1(6164)"Malnutrition in infants receiving cult diets." pp. 682–683. Accessed 21 April 2009.
35. ^ "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets". Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2003, 06. Accessed 22 January 2008.
36. ^ Failure of a Womanless Eden in the Pacific - Strange Story from the South Seas, New York Times, 15 October 1905, "For days he lived alone, eating nothing but bread fruit and cocoanuts," "Of the food of choice, he lacked none.", "Weeks of life under the sun in the salt sea, and living upon fruit, had brought him to a state of wonderful physical perfection.", "For nearly two years more he continued to live the 'pure, natural life' but the charm had been completely broken by the death of his two disciples.", "in 1903, came a drought which reduced the fruit crop. The little left of it was wiped out in the Spring of 1904 by a storm. Engelhardt had the alternative of casting in his lot with the natives and eating on hogflesh, or sending a request for succor to Ulu or Herbertshohe. He did neither in his stubborness, and starvation and thirst did their work." http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=990CEFDF1438EF32A25756C1A9669D946497D6CF
37. ^ Mucusless Diet Healing System by Arnold Ehret, Mucusless Diet Healing System, ISBN 1-884772-00-5, 75th Anniversary edition, "The next winter I went to Algiers, in northern Africa. The mild climate and the wonderful fruits improved my condition and gave me more faith in Nature's methods and an understanding of them, and I gained courage to try short fasts to assist the cleansing properties of fruit and climate, with such results that one morning of a well feeling day I chanced to notice in my mirror that my face had taken on an entirely new look", page 15, "Arriving home again.... I gradually took up the ordinary diet.", page 15, "My experience, tests, and experiments as well as cures, all showed that grape sugar of fruits was the essential material of human food, giving the highest efficiency and endurance, and at the same time was the best eliminator of debris and the most efficient healing agent known for the human body", page 16, "To test our efficiency at exhaustive labor, we took a trip through northern Italy, walking for 56 hours continuously without sleep or rest or food, only drink. This after a seven-day fast and then only one meal of two pounds of cherries.", page 17
38. ^ Organic Way To Health Vol. 1-4, Raymond W. Bernard, Health Research Books, 1996, page 2, "I have tried non-vegetarian diets, vegetarian diets, raw food diets, fruitarian diets, and many other kinds of diets."
39. ^ Sydney Morning Herald and Melbourne The Age, 21 February 2009, Good Weekend magazine supplement, p26-28, "Anne Osborne has eaten nothing but fruit... for the past 17 years." p26, "I did a mono-melon diet for six months in 2001." p28, "I've done a long time just on melons, or I've had periods on orange juice or grapes or pears...I've never had any sickness on a mono diet but had a lot of strength." p28
40. ^ Sunday Mirror Newspaper, England, 26 March 2000, p54, "Anne calls herself a fruitarian"
41. ^ "Essie Honiball lived exclusively on fruit and a small amounts of nuts." North American Diet, Ron Lagerquist, International Bible Society (1984)
42. ^ I Live On Fruit. Essie Honiball, Macro Books, Pretoria 1981. First edition. Page 9, Chapter 1: "One does not easily cast aside established habits almost overnight...This is precisely what I did in 1958 when I, after a three day water fast, started living on fresh fruit and nuts. That was twenty years ago.", Page 17, Chapter 1: "Today I still live virtually exclusively on fruit.", Page 18, Chapter 2: "The Diet on which I have lived since 1958 is so simple that it appears almost laughable in a line of complicated diets —I live on fresh fruit and nuts.", Page 19, Chapter 2: "I can live on fruit alone, but not on vegetables."
43. ^ Health and Survival in the 21st Century by Ross Horne, Harper Collins, 1997, chapter "Dieting for Health and Longevity", section "The Natural Diet Of Man", "The study of comparative anatomy and the different natural diets of animals in the wild indicates strongly that the natural diet of early humans consisted predominantly of sweet fruits, and that even though millions of years have passed, the anatomy and digestive apparatus of humans has not changed and is therefore still best suited to fruit as the most suitable food."
44. ^ Kulvinskas, Viktoras P. Life in the 21st Century. Twenty First Century Publications, 1981. ISBN 9780933278004.
45. ^ Survival into the 21st Century by Viktoras Kulvinskas, Arizona: Ihopea Incorporated, 2002, 318 pages
46. ^ The Ascensional Science of Spiritualizing Fruitarian Dietetics by Johnny Lovewisdom, San Francisco: Paradisian Publications, 1999, "In two years, I was living exclusively on juicy fruits, condemning the use of nuts in the fruit diet which other fruitarians before me had used with adverse results due to the lack of the life-giving living water in nuts, making them the 'Tempters of Satan'" in section 'My Calling To The Carpophagous Conception'"
47. ^ Modern Live Juice Fasting, Johnny Lovewisdom, Connecticut: O'mangod Press, 1980, chapter 1, "I found the living blood of fruits and many vegetables a much purer life-giving, naturally prepared directly assimilable blood transfusion than can be expected from tired, worn-out, diseased blood of ordinary civilized humans."; chapter 3 "in 1953-54, I realized the true 6 months 7 day water fast with the purest distilled water usually tinctured with tomato juice"
48. ^ Spiritualizing Dietetics: Vitarianism, Johnny Lovewisdom, Ecuador, Loja: International University Of The Natural Vitalogical Sciences, 1950, page 82 "(Vitarianism) advocates live or Vita-foods"
49. ^ A Message Of Peace By One Who Lives In A Volcano!, Miguel A. Puentes, Mundial (weekly newspaper), Montevideo, Uruguay, 7 June 1949, section 'His Life In Practice': "He went on fasts, one of which he recently reached 40 days without taking anything but water with a few drops of lime juice."
50. ^ Morris Krok, Fruit: The Food and Medicine For Man, Connecticut: O'Mangod Press, (1961). page 17, Chapter 8: "It had taken me almost ten years of continual reading and meditation before I had the courage to live only on fruits.", Page 40, Chapter 19: "At the time of the incident I was living on all fruit.", Page 46, Chapter 21: "After living on fruit for about four months, raw vegetables tasted flat."
51. ^ "Tom Billings: dietary bio, Part B". http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/bio/billings-t-bio-1b.shtml.
52. ^ The Live Food Factor, Susan Schenck, 1st Impression Publishing, 2006, "Joe Alexander tells about a time he spent 56 days eating only juicy fruits: no bananas, avocados or vegetables. He claims he never felt stronger in his life."
53. ^ "during five years of a purely fruitarian life I never felt weak, nor did I suffer from any disease". Satyagraha in South Africa ~ XXXV. Tolstoy Farm III, written by Mohandas K. Gandhi, translated by Valji Govindji Desai, http://www.wikilivres.info/wiki/Satyagraha_in_South_Africa/Chapter_XXXV._Tolstoy_Farm_III
54. ^ Autobiography: the story of my experiments with truth, Social Sciences Series, Mohandas Gandhi, Gandhi (Mahatma), Mahadev Haribhai Desai, Dover, 1983, 468 pages, page 318 " "Dr. Jivraj Mehta treated me. He pressed me hard to resume milk and cereals, but I was obdurate."
55. ^ Gokhale's Charity, My Experiments with Truth, M.K. Gandhi.
56. ^ Berlet, Chip, Vysotsky, Stanislavstated. "Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups," Journal of Political and Military Sociology, Summer 2006.
57. ^ Salubrious Living (Creativity Book Publishers, 1982, and World Church of Creativity, 2003), chapter The Fruitarian Diet: "The fruitarian diet is composed of the products of the plant kingdom which are delicious and appealing to our taste in their natural uncooked condition. As fruits, vegetables and nuts are the foods which meet this qualification in an ideal manner they are the primary foods used by the fruitarian."
58. ^ http://www.yogananda.net/ay/CHAPTER__42.htm Cited in Autobiography of A Yogi, Paramhansa Yogananda, USA: Self Realization Fellowship, 1946, Chapter 42
59. ^ The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce and Obsession, Adam Leith Gollne "Idi Amin, the tyrannical Ugandan dictator, lived his final years in Saudi Arabia as a fruitarian (his affinity for oranges earned him the nickname "Dr. Jaffa")."
60. ^ "Keziah (Character) from Notting Hill (1999)". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0006837/. Retrieved 2010-03-08.

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